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The white-throated dipper (''Cinclus cinclus''), also known as the European dipper or just dipper, is an aquatic passerine bird found in Europe, Middle East, Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent. The species is divided into several subspecies, based primarily on colour differences, particularly of the pectoral band. The white-throated dipper is Norway's national bird. ==Taxonomy and systematics== The dipper was first described as ''Sturnus cinclus'' by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The genus and species name ''cinclus'' derives from the Greek word ''kinklos'' that used to describe small tail-wagging birds that resided near water. There are 13 extant and extinct subspecies for the dipper: ''C.c. cinclus'' 'Black-bellied Dipper'(Linnaeus, 1758) Scandinavia, western France, northwestern Spain, Corsica, Sardinia, and a migrant and infrequently travels to the British Isles from Shetland to Kent. ''C.c. gularis'' 'British Dipper' (Latham, 1801). England, Wales, and Scotland excluding western regions and the Hebrides. ''C.c. hibernicus'' 'Irish Dipper' (E. Hartert, 1910). Ireland and Western Scotland including the Hebrides ''C.c. aquaticus'' 'Southern European Dipper' (Bechstein, 1797). Central and southern Europe, ranging from Belgium, eastern France and Spain toward Greece, Poland and Sicily. ''C.c. minor'' 'Northwest African Dipper' (Tristam, 1870). Mountainous terrain of Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. ''C.c. caucasicus'' 'Caucasus Dipper' (von Madarász, 1903). Caucasus mountains ranging to Iran, Iran, and Turkey. Winters in Afghanistan and Pakistan. ''C.c. persicus'' 'Persian Dipper' (Witherby, 1906). Southwest Iran in the Zagros and Bakhtiari mountains. ''C.c. rufivrentris'' 'Lebanon Dipper' (Tristam, 1884). Anti-Lebanon mountains. ''C.c. olympicus'' 'Cyrpus Dipper' (von Madarász, 1903). Formerly in the Troodos mountains in Cyrpus; currently extinct. Last recorded in 1945, and almost certainly extinct by 1958. ''C.c uralensis'' 'Ural Dipper' (Serebrovski, 1927). Ural Mountains. ''C.c. leucogaster'' 'White-bellied Dipper' (Bonaparte, 1850). Northern Afghanistan through Central Asia toward Eastern Siberia. ''C.c. cashmeriensis'' 'Cashmir Dipper' (Gould, 1860). Himalayas from western Kashmir to Sikkim. ''C.c. przewalskii'' 'Przewalskii Dipper' (Bianchi, 1905). Mountains of southern Tibet and western China ''C.c. baicalensis'' (Dressen, 1892). No detailed georgraphy given. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「White-throated dipper」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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